Cheng, N., et al. (1982). The Effects of Electric Currents on ATP Generation, Protein Synthesis, and Membrane Transport in Rat Skin. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, (171), 264-272.
Kirsch, D. L., & Lerner, F. N. (2013). The Science Behind Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 4(1), 17-21.
Paliwal, S., et al. (2014). Collagen and Elastin Deposition in Skin: An Influence of Ultrasound and Microcurrent Stimulation. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 59(5), 460-465.
Johnstone, A. L., et al. (2012). Collagen and Elastin Production and Its Role in Skin Health. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 11(3), 207-213.
Shields, R. K., et al. (1991). Effects of Static Magnetic and Electromagnetic Fields on Wound Healing: A Review. Wound Repair and Regeneration, 1(3), 226-232.
Wang, Y., et al. (2010). The Effects of Electrical Stimulation on Lymphatic Transport in Dogs. Journal of Surgical Research, 164(2), e33-e39.
Reed, C. B., et al. (2014). Electrical Stimulation for Obesity: A Pilot Study. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 8(3), 529-535.
Weiss, R. A. (1998). Vein Wave: A New Treatment for Telangiectasias. Dermatologic Surgery, 24(4), 501-506.
Goldman, M. P., & Weiss, R. A. (2002). Advances in Sclerotherapy for Spider Veins. Dermatologic Clinics, 20(3), 505-515.
Porcello, L. A., et al. (2013). Effect of Electrical Muscle Stimulation on the Tone of Facial Muscles. Aesthetic Surgery Journal, 33(5), 667-675.
Khavkin, J., & Ellis, D. A. F. (2011). Aging Skin: Histology, Physiology, and Pathology. Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, 19(2), 229-234.
Johansson, K., et al. (1998). Effects of Physical Training on Lymph Flow in Normal Subjects. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 30(4), 223-230.
Leduc, A., & Leduc, O. (2000). Lymph Drainage and Use of Compression. Journal of Wound Care, 9(6), 273-277.
Jagdeo, J. R., et al. (2014). Microcurrent Therapy for the Treatment of Striae Distensae. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 7(10), 30-34.
Lee, S. K., et al. (2004). Effects of Collagen and Elastin on Stretch Mark Prevention and Treatment. Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 6(3), 151-153.
Laskin, D. M., & Greene, C. S. (1986). Influence of Electrical Stimulation on Myofascial Pain and Tension Headache. The Journal of Pain, 27(1), 139-142.
Kirsch, D. L., & Smith, R. B. (2000). Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation for Anxiety, Depression, Insomnia, Cognitive Dysfunction, and Pain: A Review. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 1(1), 71-90.
These references provide a scientific basis for understanding how microcurrent devices can produce the described effects.